Determination of the prevalence of anabolic steroids,stimulants, and selected drugs subject to doping controls among elite sport students using analytical chemistry     

Mario Thevis  Michael Sauer  Hans Geyer  Gerd Sigmund  Ute Mareck  Wilhelm Schänzer 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1059-1065

Abstract

Drug abuse by adolescents has been investigated in various surveys that reported correlations between age, gender, and activity. However, none of these studies included chemical analyses to help substantiate the statements of participants. In the present study, the urine specimens of 964 students (439 females, 525 males; mean age 22.1 years, s = 1.7), who applied to study sports sciences at university, were assessed for anabolic steroids, stimulants, and selected drugs prohibited in sports. In total, 11.2% of the urine specimens provided contained drugs covered by doping controls. The most frequently detected compound was the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (9.8%) followed by various stimulants related to amphetamine and cocaine (1.0%). Indications of anabolic steroid use were found in 0.4% of urine samples but originated from contraceptives containing norethisterone. The present study provided unambiguous data on the status quo of drug (ab)use by adolescents hoping for a career related to elite sport or sports sciences. No use of anabolic steroids was detected. However, evidence for stimulants and tetrahydrocannabinol administration was obtained, although not reported by any participant, which highlights the issue of under-reporting in surveys based solely on questionnaires.  相似文献   

The Impact of Model Misspecification on Parameter Estimation and Item‐Fit Assessment in Log‐Linear Diagnostic Classification Models     

Olga Kunina‐Habenicht  André A. Rupp  Oliver Wilhelm 《Journal of Educational Measurement》2012,49(1):59-81

Using a complex simulation study we investigated parameter recovery, classification accuracy, and performance of two item‐fit statistics for correct and misspecified diagnostic classification models within a log‐linear modeling framework. The basic manipulated test design factors included the number of respondents (1,000 vs. 10,000), attributes (3 vs. 5), and items (25 vs. 50) as well as different attribute correlations (.50 vs. .80) and marginal attribute difficulties (equal vs. different). We investigated misspecifications of interaction effect parameters under correct Q‐matrix specification and two types of Q‐matrix misspecification. While the misspecification of interaction effects had little impact on classification accuracy, invalid Q‐matrix specifications led to notably decreased classification accuracy. Two proposed item‐fit indexes were more strongly sensitive to overspecification of Q‐matrix entries for items than to underspecification. Information‐based fit indexes AIC and BIC were sensitive to both over‐ and underspecification.  相似文献   

Participation in organized sports,physical education,therapeutic exercises,and non-organized leisure-time physical activity: how does participation differ between childhood cancer outpatients and healthy peers?     

Julia Daeggelmann  Vanessa Rustler  Katharina Eckert  Vivian Kramp  Sandra Stoessel  Wilhelm Bloch  Freerk T Baumann 《Sportwissenschaft》2018,48(3):387-394

Most childhood cancer survivors are insufficiently active. Researchers are focusing on strategies to increase physical activity (PA). However, a detailed understanding of participation in specific types of PA is missing, meaning current strategies may lack relevant information. Thus, our study sought to analyze participation in different types of PA commonly engaged in by children: organized sports, physical education in school (PES), therapeutic exercise, and non-organized leisure-time PA. Thirty-eight childhood cancer outpatients and 51 healthy children completed questionnaires. Compared to healthy children, childhood cancer outpatients, especially those who are shortly after cessation of inpatient treatment, participated significantly less often in organized sports and PES and significantly more often in therapeutic exercise compared to the healthy children. Considering organized sports and PES afford children unique social benefits and provide the potential to motivate lifelong activity, future efforts should be placed on ensuring children with cancer can access these types of PA. Educating parents, teachers, and coaches, exploring referral pathways to exercise professionals and providing individual support may enhance participation rates in organized PA and should be investigated.  相似文献   

PARENTAL FEARS AND EXPECTATIONS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A COUNSELLING CENTRE FOR THE GIFTED     

Wilhelm Wieczerkowski  Tania M. Prado 《High Ability Studies》1991,2(1):56-72

During the last five years the counselling centre in Hamburg has dealt with the identification, counselling and offering of special provision to gifted children aged from 5 to 17. More than 300 children and their parents have been individually interviewed, particular attention being paid to the childrens’ motivational, social, and emotional difficulties in school. Various counselling strategies have been adopted, while a number of concerns and expectancies of parents, according to the children's different IQ levels, have become apparent. Early identification and special provision for the gifted are of particular importance.  相似文献   

Reinhold Messners Philosophie — Sinn machen in einer Welt ohne Sinn     

Volker Caysa  Wilhelm Schmid  Arno Müller 《Sportwissenschaft》2004,34(1):95-98

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A Great Trust Betrayed: The Politicization of America’s Public Campuses     

Kevin Nestor 《Academic Questions》2011,24(2):194-208

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Young Children’s Knowledge About the Moon: A Complex Dynamic System     

Grady J. Venville  Robert D. Louisell  Jennifer A. Wilhelm 《Research in Science Education》2012,42(4):729-752

The purpose of this research was to use a multidimensional theoretical framework to examine young children??s knowledge about the Moon. The research was conducted in the interpretive paradigm and the design was a multiple case study of ten children between the ages of three and eight from the USA and Australia. A detailed, semi-structured interview was conducted with each child. In addition, each child??s parents were interviewed to determine possible social and cultural influences on the child??s knowledge. We sought evidence about how the social and cultural experiences of the children might have influenced the development of their ideas. From a cognitive perspective we were interested in whether the children??s ideas were constructed in a theory like form or whether the knowledge was the result of gradual accumulation of fragments of isolated cultural information. Findings reflected the strong and complex relationship between individual children, their social and cultural milieu, and the way they construct ideas about the Moon and astronomy. Findings are presented around four themes including ontology, creatures and artefacts, animism, and permanence. The findings support a complex dynamic system view of students?? knowledge that integrates the framework theory perspective and the knowledge in fragments perspective. An initial model of a complex dynamic system of young children??s knowledge about the Moon is presented.  相似文献   

Statistics in Kinesiology (4th ed.). William J. Vincent,Brigham Young University,and Joseph P. Weir,Des Moines University     

Nestor W. Sherman 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(2):100-102

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Attitudes Towards the Elderly Among German Adolescents     

Christoph Randler  Christian Vollmer  David Wilhelm  Melanie Flessner  Eberhard Hummel 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(3):230-238

Many societies are encountering significant changes in their population structure as the number of older people is increasing while children and adolescents become fewer. This study examines pupils' attitudes towards elderly people in Germany. A total of 935 pupils (458 boys, 477 girls) participated in this study. Grade distribution was as follows: 192 (5th grade), 148 (6th grade), 208 (7th grade), 219 (8th grade), and 168 (9th grade). We provide evidence for two underlying latent factors, “prejudice” and “appreciation.” The “prejudice” factor contained prejudices and negative attitudes towards old people, and the “appreciation” factor contained items that were positively related to old people. On average, pupils valued old people. Based on a multivariate general linear model, we found a significant influence of gender, grade, and distance to grandparents. Girls valued old people higher, thus rating them higher on the appreciation scale. However, effect size was comparably low. No differences existed concerning the prejudice scale. Grade effects showed that prejudice increases and appreciation declines with increasing age. Distance to their grandparents significantly influenced the attitudes. Pupils with grandparents in the near vicinity valued old people more than pupils with their grandparents farther away. We suggest implementing intergenerational educational programs in primary school and in 5th and 6th grade in Germany.  相似文献   

The Scientific Film in Research and Teaching in Austrian Universities     

Wilhelm Ziegler 《Educational Media International》2013,50(1):48-49

Abstract

This short paper highlights some of the problems in making slow motion films of physical events and shows why they are not always as technically efficiently as some people expect.  相似文献